XV - GRAMMAR Possessive nouns

POSSESSIVE 'S

Explanation: when we want to show that something belongs to somebody or something, we usually add 's to a singular noun and an apostrophe ' to a plural noun, for example:

• the boy's ball (one boy)
• the boys' ball (two or more boys)

Notice that the number of balls does not matter. The structure is influenced by the possessor and not the possessed.

	one ball	more than one ball
one boy	the boy's ball	the boy's balls
more than one boy	the boys' ball	the boys' balls

The structure can be used for a whole phrase:

• the man next door's mother (the mother of the man next door)
• the Queen of England's poodles (the poodles of the Queen of England)

Although we can use of to show possession, it is more usual to use possessive 's. The following phrases have the same meaning, but #2 is more usual and natural:

1. the boyfriend of my sister
2. my sister's boyfriend

Proper Nouns (Names)

We very often use possessive 's with names:

• This is Mary's car.
• Where is Ann's telephone?
• Who took Anthony's pen?
• I like Tara's hair.

-          When a name ends in s, we usually treat it like any other singular noun, and add 's:

·         This is Charles's chair.

-          But it is possible (especially with older, classical names) to just add the apostrophe ':

·         Who was Jesus' father?

Irregular Plurals

Some nouns have irregular plural forms without s (man > men). To show possession, we usually add 's to the plural form of these nouns:

singular noun	plural noun
my child's dog	my children's dog
the man's work	the men's work
the mouse's cage	the mice's cage
a person's clothes	people's clothes

More examples:

The car of John = John's car.
The room of the girls = The girls' room.
Clothes for men = Men's jobs.
The sister of Charles = Charles' sister.
The boat of the sailors = The sailors' boat.

There are also some fixed expressions where the possessive form is used :

Time expressions	Other expressions
a day's work	For God's sake!
a fortnight's holiday	a pound's worth of apples.
a month's pay	the water's edge
today's newspaper	a stone'sthrow away (= very near)
in a year'stime	at death's door (= very ill)
	in my mind's eye (= in my imagination)

The possessive is also used to refer to shops, restaurants, churches and colleges, using the name or job title of the owner. Examples:

the grocer's,	the doctor's,	the vet's,
the newsagent's,	the chemist's,	Smith's,
the dentist's,	Tommy Tucker's,	Luigi's,
Saint Mary's,	Saint James's.

a. Shall we go to Luigi's for lunch?
b. I've got an appointment at the dentist's at eleven o'clock.
c. Is Saint Mary's an all-girls school?

III - WHAT'S THE STORY John Lennon "Imagine"

JOHN LENNON "IMAGINE"

Imagine there's no heaven,

It's easy if you try,

No hell below us,

Above us only sky,

Imagine all the people

Living for today...

Imagine there's no countries,

It isn’t hard to do,

Nothing to kill or die for,

No religion too,

Imagine all the people

Living life in peace...

You may say I’m a dreamer,

But I’m not the only one,

I hope some day you'll join us,

And the world will live as one.

Imagine no possesions,

I wonder if you can,

No need for greed or hunger,

A brotherhood of man,

Imagine all the people

Sharing all the world...

You may say I’m a dreamer,

But I’m not the only one,

I hope some day you'll join us,

And the world will live as one.

XII - VIDEO Learning English

XI - PRONUNCIATION VIDEO The family II

V - VOCABULARY About animals

ABOUT ANIMALS

Antlers: one of the paired deciduous solid bony processes that arise from the frontal bone on the head of an animal of the deer family.

Beak: the bill of a bird.

Claw: a sharp usually slender and curved nail on the toe of an animal.

Feather:  any of the light horny epidermal outgrowths that form the external covering of the body of birds.

Fin: an external membranous process of an aquatic animal (as a fish) used in propelling or guiding the body.

Fur: the hairy coat of a mammal especially when fine, soft, and thick; also : such a coat with the skin.

Gill: an organ (as of a fish) for obtaining oxygen from water.

Hoof: a curved covering of horn that protects the front of or encloses the ends of the digits of an ungulate mammal and that corresponds to a nail or claw.

Horn:  one of the usually paired bony processes that arise from the head of many big mammals and that are also found in some extinct mammals and reptiles.

Paw: the foot of a quadruped (as a lion or dog) that has claws; broadly : the foot of an animal.

Scale: a small, flattened, rigid, and definitely circumscribed plate forming part of the external body covering especially of a fish.

Shell: a hard rigid usually largely calcareous covering or support of an animal, also, the hard or tough often thin outer covering of an egg (as of a bird or reptile).

Snout: a long projecting nose. An anterior prolongation of the head of various animals.

Spot: a small area visibly different (as in color, finish, or material) from the surrounding area.

Stripe: a line or long narrow section differing in color or texture from parts adjoining.

Tail: the rear end or a process or prolongation of the rear end of the body of an animal.

Tentacle: any of various elongate flexible usually tactile or prehensile processes borne by animals and especially invertebrates chiefly on the head or about the mouth.

Tusk: an elongated greatly enlarged tooth (as of an elephant or walrus) that projects when the mouth is closed and serves especially for digging food or as a weapon; broadly : a long protruding tooth.

Wing: one of the movable feathered or membranous paired appendages by means of which a bird, bat, or insect is able to fly.